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Accessory bones of the ankle. [13]Accessory bones at the ankle mainly include: Os subtibiale, with a prevalence of approximately 1%. [14] It is a secondary ossification center of the distal tibia that appears during the first year of life, and which in most people fuses with the shaft at approximately 15 years in females and approximately 17 years in males.
It is an accessory bone, an anatomical variation present in 39% of humans. [1] [2] Rarely, there are two or three of these bones (fabella bi- or tripartita). It can be mistaken for a loose body or osteophyte. The word fabella is a Latin diminutive of faba 'bean'. [3]
Accessory navicular bone may cause a continuous stretch and stress on the tibialis posterior tendon which can progress to chronic disabling pain and may cause tendon rupture or secondary flat foot deformity; when this occurs this condition is commonly known as accessory navicular syndrome.
Galen (c. 126 – c. 199) was the first to use experiments to probe the body's functions. [69] The term physiology was introduced by the French physician Jean Fernel (1497–1558). In the 17th century, William Harvey (1578–1657) described the circulatory system, pioneering the combination of close observation with careful experiment. [70]
Studies have shown [3] that bimalleolar fractures are more common in women, people over 60 years of age, and patients with existing comorbidities. [ 3 ] A trimalleolar fracture is a fracture of the ankle that involves the lateral malleolus , the medial malleolus , and the distal posterior aspect of the tibia , which can be termed the posterior ...
In human anatomy, the main role of the carpal bones is to articulate with the radial and ulnar heads to form a highly mobile condyloid joint (i.e. wrist joint), [1] to provide attachments for thenar and hypothenar muscles, and to form part of the rigid carpal tunnel which allows the median nerve and tendons of the anterior forearm muscles to be ...
Gross anatomy (also called topographical anatomy, regional anatomy, or anthropotomy) is the study of anatomical structures that can be seen by the naked eye. [1] Microscopic anatomy is the study of minute anatomical structures assisted with microscopes , which includes histology (the study of the organization of tissues), [ 1 ] and cytology ...
Osteoporosis is defined in women by the World Health Organization as a bone mineral density of 2.5 standard deviations below peak bone mass, relative to the age and sex-matched average. This density is measured using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), with the term "established osteoporosis" including the presence of a fragility fracture ...