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Broadly, modern glass container factories are three-part operations: the "batch house", the "hot end", and the "cold end". The batch house handles the raw materials; the hot end handles the manufacture proper—the forehearth, forming machines, and annealing ovens; and the cold end handles the product-inspection and packaging equipment.
Other materials may be used as colourants, refining agents or to adjust the physical and chemical properties of the glass. The raw materials are mixed in a batch process, then fed together with a controlled proportion of cullet (waste glass) into a furnace, where it is heated to approximately 1,500 °C. Common float glass furnaces are 9 m wide ...
The manufacturing process for soda–lime glass consists in melting the raw materials, which are the silica, soda (Na 2 O), hydrated lime (Ca(OH) 2), dolomite (CaMg(CO 3) 2, which provides the magnesium oxide), and aluminium oxide; along with small quantities of fining agents (e.g., sodium sulfate (Na 2 SO 4), sodium chloride (NaCl), etc.) in a glass furnace at temperatures locally up to 1675 ...
Glass can be coloured by adding metal salts or painted and printed with vitreous enamels, leading to its use in stained glass windows and other glass art objects. The refractive, reflective and transmission properties of glass make glass suitable for manufacturing optical lenses, prisms, and optoelectronics materials.
By 1740, English glassmakers produced good quality window glass and some of the best lead crystal glassware available. English trade restrictions caused most of the glassware purchased in America before the American Revolutionary War to be English–made. [70] Raw materials for crystal glassware were also an issue.
Clear windows have been used since the invention of glass to cover small openings in a building. Glass panes provided humans with the ability to both let light into rooms while at the same time keeping inclement weather outside. Glass is generally made from mixtures of sand and silicates, in a very hot fire stove called a kiln, and is very brittle.
Glass has three major components: a network former (silica), a network modifier (), and a network stabilizer (predominantly lime). [7] [8] In the early 16th and 17th centuries glassmaking (the manufacture of glass from raw materials) and glassworking (the creation of objects from glass) occurred within the same glasshouse. [9]
While under Roman rule, the raw materials and manufacturing methods of northern Europe were those of the Roman tradition, using the mineral natron.For several centuries after the fall of the Western Roman Empire, around 450 AD, recycling of Roman glass formed the major part of the local industry and glassmaking skills declined.