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CSF volume is higher on a mL per kg body weight basis in children compared to adults. Infants have a CSF volume of 4 mL/kg, children have a CSF volume of 3 mL/kg, and adults have a CSF volume of 1.5–2 mL/kg. A high CSF volume is why a larger dose of local anesthetic, on a mL/kg basis, is needed in infants. [19]
Reference ranges for other molecules in CSF Substance Lower limit Upper limit Unit Corresponds to % of that in plasma Glucose: 50 [2] 80 [2] mg/dL ~60% [1] 2.2, [3] 2.8 [1] 3.9, [3] 4.4 [1] mmol/L Protein: 15 [1] [2] 40, [4] 45 [1] [2] mg/dL ~1% [1] Albumin: 7.8 [5] 40 [5] mg/dL: 0 [6] - 0.7% [6] - corresponding to an albumin (CSF/serum ...
Intracranial pressure (ICP) is the pressure exerted by fluids such as cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) inside the skull and on the brain tissue. ICP is measured in millimeters of mercury and at rest, is normally 7–15 mmHg for a supine adult. This equals to 9–20 cmH 2 O, which is a common scale used in lumbar punctures. [1]
The standard definition of a reference range for a particular measurement is defined as the interval between which 95% of values of a reference population fall into, in such a way that 2.5% of the time a value will be less than the lower limit of this interval, and 2.5% of the time it will be larger than the upper limit of this interval, whatever the distribution of these values.
A reference range is usually defined as the set of values 95 percent of the normal population falls within (that is, 95% prediction interval). [2] It is determined by collecting data from vast numbers of laboratory tests.
CSF is a clear fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord. [3] The rate of CSF formation in humans is about 0.3–0.4 ml per minute and the total CSF volume is 90–150 ml in adults.
The aqueduct of Sylvius is the channel which connects the third ventricle to the fourth ventricle and is the narrowest part of the CSF pathway with a mean cross-sectional area of 0.5 mm 2 in children and 0.8 mm 2 in adults. [3] Because of its small size, the aqueduct is the most likely place for a blockage of CSF in the ventricular system.
Under normal circumstances a MAP between 60 and 160 mmHg and ICP about 10 mmHg (CPP of 50-150 mmHg) sufficient blood flow can be maintained with autoregulation. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Although the classic 'autoregulation curve' suggests that CBF is fully stable between these blood pressure values (known also as the limits of autoregulation), in practice ...