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Penal substitution, also called penal substitutionary atonement and especially in older writings forensic theory, [1] [2] is a theory of the atonement within Protestant Christian theology, which declares that Christ, voluntarily submitting to God the Father's plan, was punished (penalized) in the place of (substitution) sinners, thus satisfying the demands of justice and propitiation, so God ...
Substitutionary atonement, also called vicarious atonement, is the idea that Jesus died "for us". [1] There is also a less technical use of the term "substitution" in discussion about atonement when it is used in "the sense that [Jesus, through his death,] did for us that which we can never do for ourselves". [note 3]
Both affirm the substitutionary and vicarious nature of the atonement, but penal substitution offers a specific explanation as to what the suffering is for: punishment. [citation needed] Augustine teaches substitutionary atonement. However, the specific interpretation differed as to what this suffering for sinners meant.
It emphasizes the mercy of God in much the same sense that penal substitution emphasizes the justice of God. A true theory of the atonement must satisfy all the divine attributes. [1] It is built upon a false philosophical principle that utility is the ground of moral obligation. [1]
The penal theory of the atonement is therefore the basis of the necessity for a limited atonement. The Calvinist view of predestination teaches that God created Adam in a state of original righteousness, but he fell into sin and all humanity in him as their federal head .
The phrase 'vicarious atonement' is sometimes used as a synonym for penal substitution, and is also sometimes used to describe other, non-penal substitutionary, theories of atonement. [127] [128] Care needs to be taken to understand what is being referred to by the various terms used in different contexts. [129] [130]
Christians believe Jesus' death and resurrection make it possible for believers to receive forgiveness for sin and reconciliation with God through the atonement. Reformed Protestants generally subscribe to a particular view of the atonement called penal substitutionary atonement, which explains Christ's death as a sacrificial payment for sin ...
Those chosen receive salvation through Christ alone. Those not chosen receive the just wrath that is warranted for their sins against God. [11] Limited atonement (also called definite atonement) [12] asserts that Jesus's substitutionary atonement was definite and certain in its purpose