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Wood drying (also seasoning lumber or wood seasoning) reduces the moisture content of wood before its use. When the drying is done in a kiln, the product is known as kiln-dried timber or lumber, whereas air drying is the more traditional method. There are two main reasons for drying wood: Woodworking
Water extraction (also known as water withdrawal, water abstraction, and water intake) is the process of taking water from any source, either temporarily or permanently, for flood control or to obtain water for, for example, irrigation. [1] [2] The extracted water could also be used as drinking water after suitable treatment.
common in many columnar/fastigiate growing deciduous trees; Dead, diseased, or broken branches: woundwood cannot grow over stubs or dead branches to seal off decay; symptoms/signs of disease: e.g. oozing through the bark, sunken areas in the bark, and bark with abnormal patterns or colours, stunted new growth, discolouration of the foliage; Cracks
The protective external layer of tissue on the stem s and root s of woody trees and shrubs; includes all of the living and non-living tissue external to the cambium. basal Situated or attached at or close to the base (of a plant or a phylogenetic tree diagram). basifixed Something attached by its base, e.g. an anther attached to the filament.
Several trees normally have marcescent leaves such as oak (Quercus), [5] beech (Fagus) and hornbeam (Carpinus), or marcescent stipules as in some but not all species of willows . [6] All oak trees may display foliage marcescence, even species that are known to fully drop leaves when the tree is mature. [7]
In addition to vascular tissues which transport water throughout the body, tracheophytes have an outer layer or cuticle that resists drying out. The sporophyte is the dominant generation, and in modern species develops leaves , stems and roots , while the gametophyte remains very small.
Dry rot would appear to be a paradoxical term seemingly indicating decay of a substance by a fungus without the presence of water. However, its historical usage dates back to the distinction between decay of cured wood in construction, i.e. dry wood, versus decay of wood in living or newly felled trees, i.e. wet wood. [10]
This is the strongest wall at the time of wounding, prior to the growth of the fourth wall. Wall 4. The fourth wall, known as the barrier zone, is created by new growth of specialised woody tissue on the exterior of the tree, isolating tissue present at the time of infection from subsequent growth. This is the strongest wall, and often the only ...