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Two tyrosines separated by a single amino acid, typically valine or another tyrosine, form a short intra-molecular diphenylether crosslink. [11] This can be crosslinked further by the enzyme extensin peroxidase [12] [13] [14] to form an inter-molecular bridge between extensin molecules and thus form networks and sheets.
They are members of the wider class of hydroxyproline (Hyp)-rich cell wall glycoproteins, a large and diverse group of glycosylated wall proteins. AGPs have been reported in a wide range of higher plants in seeds, roots, stems, leaves and inflorescences. AGPs account for only a small portion of the cell wall, usually no more than 1% of dry mass ...
Other hydroxyprolines also exist in nature. The most notable ones are 2,3-cis-, 3,4-trans-, and 3,4-dihydroxyproline, which occurs in diatom cell walls [12] and are postulated to have a role in silica deposition. Hydroxyproline is also found in the walls of oomycetes, fungus-like protists related to diatoms.
The two most common linkages in glycoproteins are N-linked and O-linked glycoproteins. [3] An N-linked glycoprotein has glycan bonds to the nitrogen containing an asparagine amino acid within the protein sequence. [4] An O-linked glycoprotein has the sugar is bonded to an oxygen atom of a serine or threonine amino acid in the protein. [4]
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Additionally, structural proteins (1-5%) are found in most plant cell walls; they are classified as hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins (HRGP), arabinogalactan proteins (AGP), glycine-rich proteins (GRPs), and proline-rich proteins (PRPs). Each class of glycoprotein is defined by a characteristic, highly repetitive protein sequence.
The systematic name of this enzyme class is UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine:[Skp1-protein]-hydroxyproline N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-transferase. Other names in common use include Skp1-HyPro GlcNAc-transferase , UDP-N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc):hydroxyproline polypeptide , GlcNAc-transferase , UDP-GlcNAc:Skp1-hydroxyproline GlcNAc-transferase , and UDP ...
"4-Hydroxyproline, or hydroxyproline (C5H9O3N), is an uncommon amino acid" "Hydroxyproline is a major component of the protein collagen" and under Collagen: "Collagen is the main protein of connective tissue in animals and the most abundant protein in mammals,[1] making up about 25% of the whole-body protein content."