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Inversions can happen either through ectopic recombination between repetitive sequences, or through chromosomal breakage followed by non-homologous end joining. [4] Inversions are of two types: paracentric and pericentric. Paracentric inversions do not include the centromere, and both breakpoints
Inversions that exclude the centromere are known as paracentric inversions, which result in unbalanced gametes after meiosis. [2] During prophase of meiosis I, homologous chromosomes form an inversion loop and crossover occurs. If a paracentric inversion has occurred, one of the products will be acentric, while the other product will be dicentric.
Robertsonian translocations can only occur between chromosomes which have the centromere very close to one end. This means these chromosomes have a long arm which is particularly long, and a short arm which is particularly short. These are known as acrocentric chromosomes. Humans have five of these acrocentric chromosomes: 13, 14, 15, 21 and 22.
These differences in plumage result from a balanced chromosomal inversion polymorphism; in white-striped (WS) birds, one copy of chromosome 2 is partly inverted, while in tan-striped (TS) birds, both copies are uninverted. [41] The plumage differences are paralleled by differences in behavior and breeding strategy.
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It is important to distinguish between chromosomal translocations that occur in germ cells, due to errors in meiosis (i.e. during gametogenesis), and those that occur in somatic cells, due to errors in mitosis. The former results in a chromosomal abnormality featured in all cells of the offspring, as in translocation carriers.
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