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The idea that fundus can and should correspond to a combining form fundo-drives the formation of an alternate form, fundoscopy (fundo-+ -scopy), which is the subject of a descriptive-versus-prescriptive difference in acceptance.
Fundus photographs without an interpretation are seen as obsolete. The records should be legible, and contain suitable patient information and clinician details. The interpretation of fundus photographs that are glaucomatous must contain a description of the vertical and horizontal cup to disc ratio, vessel pattern, diffuse or focal pallor ...
Fluorescein angiography [1] (FA), fluorescent angiography (FAG), or fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) is a technique for examining the circulation of the retina and choroid (parts of the fundus) using a fluorescent dye and a specialized camera.
There are two techniques used to assess the red reflex listed below. Both are noninvasive, inexpensive, and quick. Dilation of the eyes is unnecessary and not recommended due to the theoretical but rarely seen risks of sympathomimetics and antimuscarinic systemic effects – tachycardia (fast heart rate), hypertension (high blood pressure), and arrhythmia (abnormal heart rhythm).
The most common agents used to dilate the pupil are phenylephrine (2.5% in pediatrics or 10% in adults) and tropicamide (0.5% or 1%). While phenylephrine stimulates receptors that contract the dilator muscle of the pupil, [6] tropicamide blocks stimulation of the pupillary sphincter muscle to allow for relaxation. [7]
Roth's spots, also known as Litten spots or the Litten sign, [1] are non-specific red lesions with white or pale centres, seen on the retina of the eye and although traditionally associated with infective endocarditis, can occur in a number of other conditions including hypertension, diabetes, collagen vascular disease, extreme hypoxia, leukemia and HIV.
Fundoscopy demonstrating age-related macular degeneration. A maculopathy is any pathological condition of the macula , an area at the centre of the retina that is associated with highly sensitive, accurate vision.
In children, optic disc drusen are usually buried and undetectable by fundoscopy except for a mild or moderate elevation of the optic disc. With age, the overlying axons become atrophied and the drusen become exposed and more visible. They may become apparent with an ophthalmoscope and some visual field loss at the end of adolescence. [7]