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While standard silicon diodes have a forward voltage drop of about 0.7 V and germanium diodes 0.3 V, Schottky diodes' voltage drop at forward biases of around 1 mA is in the range of 0.15 V to 0.46 V (see the 1N5817 [6] and 1N5711 [7]), which makes them useful in voltage clamping applications and prevention of transistor saturation.
The Shockley diode equation, or the diode law, named after transistor co-inventor William Shockley of Bell Labs, models the exponential current–voltage (I–V) relationship of semiconductor diodes in moderate constant current forward bias or reverse bias:
A Schottky diode is a single metal–semiconductor junction, used for its rectifying properties. Schottky diodes are often the most suitable kind of diode when a low forward voltage drop is desired, such as in a high-efficiency DC power supply. Also, because of their majority-carrier conduction mechanism, Schottky diodes can achieve greater ...
This allows the diode to operate at higher signal frequencies, at the expense of a higher forward voltage drop. Gold-doped diodes are faster than other p–n diodes (but not as fast as Schottky diodes). They also have less reverse-current leakage than Schottky diodes (but not as good as other p–n diodes). [43] [44] A typical example is the 1N914.
A schematic symbol for Schottky diodes 1N5822 Schottky diode with cut-open packaging. The semiconductor in the center makes a Schottky barrier against one metal electrode (providing rectifying action) and an ohmic contact with the other electrode. SS14 schottky diode in DO-214AC (SMA) (SOD-106) surface-mount package version of 1N5819 [1]
The Shockley diode equation relates the diode current of a p-n junction diode to the diode voltage .This relationship is the diode I-V characteristic: = (), where is the saturation current or scale current of the diode (the magnitude of the current that flows for negative in excess of a few , typically 10 −12 A).
Three 1N4148 diodes in glass DO-35 axial package. The black band on the right is the cathode side. Diode schematic symbol vs cathode marking on the package. The 1N4148 is a standard silicon switching signal diode. It is one of the most popular and long-lived switching diodes because of its dependable specifications and low cost.
When forward-biased, a Schottky diode's voltage drop 0.25 V is much less than a standard silicon diode's 0.6 V. In a standard saturated transistor, the base-to-collector voltage is 0.6 V. In a Schottky transistor, the Schottky diode shunts current from the base into the collector before the transistor goes into saturation.
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