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Bacterial infections that cause bloody diarrhea are typically classified as being either invasive or toxogenic. Invasive species cause damage directly by invading into the mucosa. The toxogenic species do not invade, but cause cellular damage by secreting toxins, resulting in bloody diarrhea.
In the developing world, especially sub-Saharan Africa and Asia, cholera is a common cause of gastroenteritis. This infection is usually transmitted by contaminated water or food. [31] Toxigenic Clostridioides difficile is an important cause of diarrhea that occurs more often in the elderly. [17]
Norovirus, also known as Norwalk virus and sometimes referred to as the winter vomiting disease, is the most common cause of gastroenteritis. [1] [6] Infection is characterized by non-bloody diarrhea, vomiting, and stomach pain. [2] [3] Fever or headaches may also occur. [2]
Outbreaks of norovirus, which causes vomiting and diarrhea, are on the rise. What to know about the 2024 norovirus season in the US, symptoms, and prevention.
Cysts of Entamoeba can survive for up to a month in soil or for up to 45 minutes under fingernails. [2] Invasion of the intestinal lining results in bloody diarrhea. [2] If the parasite reaches the bloodstream it can spread through the body, most frequently ending up in the liver where it can cause amoebic liver abscesses. [2]
It is generally caused by eating or drinking substances that are contaminated with bacteria or viruses. The bacterium and/or toxin settles in the small intestine and cause inflammation and swelling. This in turn can cause abdominal pain, cramping, diarrhea, fever, and dehydration. [1]
Dehydration is more common in rotavirus infection than in most of those caused by bacterial pathogens, and is the most common cause of death related to rotavirus infection. [ 71 ] Rotavirus infections can occur throughout life: the first usually produces symptoms , but subsequent infections are typically mild or asymptomatic , [ 72 ] [ 48 ] as ...
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