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A mycorrhiza is a symbiotic association between a green plant and a fungus. The plant makes organic molecules by photosynthesis and supplies them to the fungus in the form of sugars or lipids, while the fungus supplies the plant with water and mineral nutrients, such as phosphorus, taken from the soil.
Plant and fungal partners within a network may enact a variety of symbiotic relationships. Earliest attention was given to mutualistic networks by which the plant and fungal partners both benefit. [15] Commensal and parasitic relationships are also found in mycorrhizal networks. A single partnership may change between any of the three types at ...
The roots of most terrestrial plants, including most crop plants and almost all woody plants, are colonized by mycorrhiza-forming symbiotic fungi. In this relationship, the plant roots are infected by a fungus, but the rest of the fungal mycelium continues to grow through the soil, digesting and absorbing nutrients and water and sharing these ...
The mycorrhizae allow the plants to increase their biomass, which increases their tolerance to heavy metals. The fungi also stimulate the uptake of heavy metals (such as manganese and cadmium ) with the enzymes and organic acids (such as acetic acid and malic acid ) that they excrete into their surroundings in order to digest them.
A single plant with its associated fungus is not an isolated entity. It has been shown that mycelia from the roots of one plant actually colonize the roots of nearby plants, creating an underground network of plants of the same or different species. This network is known as a common mycorrhizal network (CMN). It has been demonstrated that ...
However, MHBs do not cause plant modifications as legumes do, to help with nitrogen-fixation. [16] Nitrogen-fixation is done only in the surrounding soil in relation to the mycorrhiza. [ 16 ] In one study, researchers reported that a Bacillius MHB contributed to the nitrogen-fixation, and among other factors helped the plant grow when ...
The endophytic fungi grow in the intercellular spaces of the plants, parallel to the leaves and stems, as elongated and thinly-dispersed branched hyphae. [9] The fungal hyphae penetrates the host plant's embryo and grows along the seeds to infect the new plants that will grow from the seeds, which is a process of transmission that is known as ...
The Hartig net is a lattice-like network of hyphae that grow into the plant root from the hyphal mantle at the plant root surface. The hyphae of ectomycorrhizal fungi do not penetrate the plant cells, but occupy the apoplastic space between cells in the root.