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  2. Urdu keyboard - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu_keyboard

    The Urdu keyboard is any keyboard layout for Urdu computer and typewriter keyboards. Since the first Urdu typewriter was made available in 1911, the layout has gone through various phases of evolution. [1] With time, the variety of layouts introduced in the 1950s for mechanized compositions have reduced to very few that are compatible with the ...

  3. Urdu alphabet - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu_alphabet

    The Urdu alphabet (Urdu: اُردُو حُرُوفِ تَہَجِّی‌, romanized: urdū ḥurūf-i tahajjī) is the right-to-left alphabet used for writing Urdu. It is a modification of the Persian alphabet, which itself is derived from the Arabic script. It has co-official status in the republics of Pakistan, India and South Africa.

  4. Nastaliq - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nastaliq

    History. The name Nastaliq "is a contraction of the Persian naskh-i ta'liq (Persian: نَسْخِ تَعلیق), meaning a hanging or suspended naskh. " [6] Virtually all Safavid authors (like Dust Muhammad or Qadi Ahmad) attributed the invention of nastaliq to Mir Ali Tabrizi, who lived at the end of the 14th and the beginning of the 15th century.

  5. Urdu - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu

    Urdu (/ ˈʊərduː /; اُردُو, pronounced [ʊɾduː] ⓘ, ALA-LC: Urdū) is a Persianised register of the Hindustani language, [10][11] an Indo-Aryan language spoken chiefly in South Asia. [12][13][14] It is the national language and lingua franca of Pakistan, where it is also an official language alongside English. [15]

  6. Urdu Informatics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu_Informatics

    There is a dedicated national Centre of Excellence for Urdu Informatics that operates under the auspices of National Language Authority that has been carrying out research on the standardisation of Urdu alphabets for electronic media. [3] Other institutional contributions also relate to the use of Urdu for internet applications, input controls ...

  7. Persian and Urdu - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_and_Urdu

    Persian and Urdu are distinct languages. Persian is classified as an Iranian language, whereas Urdu is an Indo-Aryan language. They fall under the larger grouping of the Indo-Iranian languages, and hence share some linguistic features due to common descent. However, the majority of influence from Persian is direct, through a process often ...

  8. Multiplicative order - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplicative_order

    The multiplicative order of a number a modulo n is the order of a in the multiplicative group whose elements are the residues modulo n of the numbers coprime to n, and whose group operation is multiplication modulo n. This is the group of units of the ring Zn; it has φ (n) elements, φ being Euler's totient function, and is denoted as U (n) or ...

  9. Languages of Pakistan - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Pakistan

    [2] [3] The majority of Pakistan's languages belong to the Indo-Iranian group of the Indo-European language family. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Urdu is the national language and the lingua franca of Pakistan, and while sharing official status with English, it is the preferred and dominant language used for inter-communication between different ethnic groups.