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The Via Maris (purple), King's Highway (red), and other ancient Levantine trade routes, c. 1300 BCE. The King's Highway was a trade route of vital importance in the ancient Near East, connecting Africa with Mesopotamia. It ran from Egypt across the Sinai Peninsula to Aqaba, then turned northward across Transjordan, to Damascus and the Euphrates ...
In 1453, the Ottoman Turks took over Constantinople, which cut off (or significantly increased the cost of) overland trade routes between Europe and the Far East, [16] so alternative routes had to be found. English laws were changed to benefit the navy, but had commercial implications in terms of farming.
Overland routes helped the spice trade initially, but maritime trade routes led to tremendous growth in commercial activities to Europe. [citation needed] The trade was changed by the Crusades and later the European Age of Discovery, [4] during which the spice trade, particularly in black pepper, became an influential activity for European ...
They faced vast challenges, including having their capital of the Kingdom of Jerusalem outside the main trade routes and away from coastal ports. [5] The Crusaders' massacre in Jerusalem created a dramatic change in the composition of the population. Muslims and Jews were murdered or deported and banned from the city. William of Tyre wrote: [6]
Crusades of the 15th century are those Crusades that follow the Crusades after Acre, 1291–1399, throughout the next hundred years. In this time period, the threat from the Ottoman Empire dominated the Christian world, but also included threats from the Mamluks , Moors , and heretics .
Newer means of transport led to the establishment of new routes, and countries opened up borders to allow trade in mutually agreed goods as per the prevailing free trade agreement. Some old trading route were reopened during the modern times, although in different political and logistical scenarios. [ 90 ]
The crusading movement created a flourishing system of trade in the Mediterranean. New routes were created to serve the Outremer with Genoa and Venice planting profitable trading outposts across the region. [127] Many historians argue that the increasingly frequent contact between the Latin Christian and Islamic cultures was a positive.
The new crusaders' motivation was primarily economic: the acquisition of new arable lands and serfs; the control of Baltic trade routes; and the abolishment of the Novgorodian merchants' monopoly of the fur trade. [5] From the early 13th century the military orders provided garrisons in Old Livonia and defended the German commercial centre, Riga.