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  2. Suffering - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffering

    For Christianity, redemptive suffering is the belief that human suffering, when accepted and offered up in union with the "passion" (flogging and crucifixion) of Jesus, [10] can remit the just punishment for sins, and allow oneself to grow in the love of The Trinity, other people, and oneself. [11]

  3. Philosophical pessimism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_pessimism

    Rooted in Ernest Becker's The Denial of Death, TMT builds on his argument that the fear of death is a fundamental human concern driving much of our behavior. Becker posits that people deny their mortality by embracing cultural narratives and ideologies that imbue their lives with meaning and a sense of permanence.

  4. Suffering-focused ethics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffering-focused_ethics

    Suffering-focused ethics are those views in ethics according to which reducing suffering is either a key priority or our only aim. Those suffering-focused ethics according to which the reduction of suffering is a key priority are pluralistic views that include additional aims, such as the prevention of other disvaluable things like inequality, or the promotion of certain valuable things, such ...

  5. Utilitarianism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilitarianism

    In my opinion human suffering makes a direct moral appeal, namely, the appeal for help, while there is no similar call to increase the happiness of a man who is doing well anyway. A further criticism of the Utilitarian formula "Maximize pleasure" is that it assumes a continuous pleasure-pain scale that lets us treat degrees of pain as negative ...

  6. Negative utilitarianism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_utilitarianism

    Negative utilitarianism is a form of negative consequentialism that can be described as the view that people should minimize the total amount of aggregate suffering, or that they should minimize suffering and then, secondarily, maximize the total amount of happiness.

  7. Humanitarianism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanitarianism

    Volunteers from AmeriCorps in Louisiana. Humanitarianism is an ideology centered on the value of human life, whereby humans practice benevolent treatment and provide assistance to other humans to reduce suffering and improve the conditions of humanity for moral, altruistic, and emotional reasons.

  8. Four Noble Truths - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths

    [web 20] [note 17] Melvin E. Spiro further explains that "desire is the cause of suffering because desire is the cause of rebirth." [85] When desire ceases, rebirth and its accompanying suffering ceases. [85] [note 18] Peter Harvey explains: Once birth has arisen, "ageing and death", and various other dukkha states follow.

  9. Moral disengagement - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral_disengagement

    Secondly, utilitarian analyses affirm that one's injurious actions will prevent more human suffering than they cause." [22] Albert Bandura suggested that applying the utilitarian calculus in specific situations is "quite slippery" because of the uncertainties that the future contains and the biases in human judgement. According to his belief ...