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Oil shale formation takes place in a number of depositional settings and has considerable compositional variation. Oil shales can be classified by their composition (carbonate minerals such as calcite or detrital minerals such as quartz and clays) or by their depositional environment (large lakes, shallow marine, and lagoon/small lake settings).
The largest deposits are found in the remains of large lakes such as the deposits of the Green River Formation of Wyoming and Utah, USA. Large lake oil shale basins are typically found in areas of block faulting or crustal warping due to mountain building. Deposits such as the Green River may be as much as 2,000 feet (610 m) and yield up to 40 ...
The Messel lake bed was probably a center point for drainage from nearby rivers and creeks. A fossil of the primitive mammal Kopidodon, showing outline of fur. The pit deposits were formed during the Eocene Epoch of the Paleogene Period about 47 million years ago, based on dating of basalt fragments underlying fossilbearing strata. [6]
A 1984 study estimated the EROI of the various known oil-shale deposits as varying between 0.7–13.3, [75] although known oil-shale extraction development projects assert an EROI between 3 and 10. According to the World Energy Outlook 2010, the EROI of ex-situ processing is typically 4 to 5 while of in-situ processing it may be even as low as 2.
The one issue with developing liquefied natural gas export facilities is the time it takes to build one of these facilities. If Europe starts to tap some of its own shale gas reserves, it could ...
Location of the kukersite deposits within the Baltic Oil Shale Basin in northern Estonia and Russia. The Baltic Oil Shale Basin covers about 3,000 to 5,000 square kilometres (1,200 to 1,900 sq mi). [1] [5] [6] [7] Main kukersite deposits are Estonian and Tapa deposits in Estonia, and Leningrad deposit in Russia (also known as Gdov or Oudova ...
A 2012 report from the European Commission states that, unlike the United States, "Shale gas production will not make Europe self-sufficient in natural gas. The best case scenario for shale gas development in Europe is one in which declining conventional production can be replaced and import dependence maintained at a level of around 60%."
During the Ordovician and Silurian, a shallow marine environment predominated in Estonia, depositing organic-rich black carbonate shale which later generated oil shale. Reef limestones and backreef dolomite contributed material to the carbonaceous shale. Silurian sedimentation took place during a retreat in sea levels, bringing a break in ...