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Alcohol flush reaction is a condition that is experienced more frequently by people of East Asian descent, giving rise to names such as "Asian flush" or "Asian glow". [citation needed] Genotype frequency distribution of ALDH2 (rs671).
These symptoms are indicative of a medical condition known as the alcohol flush reaction, also known as “Asian flush” or “Oriental flushing syndrome”. [8] There is a mutant form of aldehyde dehydrogenase, termed ALDH2*2, wherein a lysine residue replaces a glutamate in the active site at position 487 of ALDH2. [9]
ALDH2 is a tetrameric enzyme that contains three domains; two dinucleotide-binding domains and a three-stranded beta-sheet domain. The active site of ALDH2 is divided into two halves by the nicotinamide ring of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD +).
ALDH2 pictured on the left, is an enzyme which breaks down acetaldehyde. [20] [21] Regions highlighted in yellow are structural and allow ALDH2 to fold properly. [20] [21] The region highlighted in red can vary between individuals (right). [22] Individuals who have a G in their DNA will have normal folding and function of ALDH2. [20]
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ALDH2, which has a lower K M for acetaldehydes than ALDH1 and acts predominantly in the mitochondrial matrix, is the main enzyme in acetaldehyde metabolism and has three genotypes. A single point mutation (G → A) at exon 12 of the ALDH2 gene causes a replacement of glutamate with lysine at residue 487, resulting in the ALDH2K enzyme. [8]
Alcohol flush reaction is a condition in which an individual's face or body experiences flushes (appears red) or blotches as a result of an accumulation of acetaldehyde, a metabolic byproduct of the catabolic metabolism of alcohol. It is best known as a condition that is experienced by people of Asian descent.
ALDH2*1 is a common allele , but about 40% of people of East Asian ethnicity have one or two copies of the dominant ALDH2*2 instead, which causes ALDH2 deficiency. If deficient people drink ethanol, they suffer from alcohol flush reaction due to acetaldehyde accumulation. [3] Four Alda-1 molecules bind to each monomer of ALDH2 tetramer.