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2. Quantum vacuum state - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_vacuum_state

   The video of an experiment showing vacuum fluctuations (in the red ring) amplified by spontaneous parametric down-conversion.. If the quantum field theory can be accurately described through perturbation theory, then the properties of the vacuum are analogous to the properties of the ground state of a quantum mechanical harmonic oscillator, or more accurately, the ground state of a measurement ...

3. Quantum field theory - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_field_theory

   In theoretical physics, quantum field theory (QFT) is a theoretical framework that combines classical field theory, special relativity, and quantum mechanics. [1]: xi QFT is used in particle physics to construct physical models of subatomic particles and in condensed matter physics to construct models of quasiparticles.

4. Zero-point energy - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-point_energy

   In quantum theory however there is always an "external" field, namely the source-free or vacuum field E 0 (t). According to our earlier equation for a k λ ( t ) the free field is the only field in existence at t = 0 as the time at which the interaction between the dipole and the field is "switched on".

5. QED vacuum - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QED_vacuum

   The quantum theory asserts that a vacuum, even the most perfect vacuum devoid of any matter, is not really empty. Rather the quantum vacuum can be depicted as a sea of continuously appearing and disappearing [pairs of] particles that manifest themselves in the apparent jostling of particles that is quite distinct from their thermal motions.

6. Vacuum energy - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_energy

   Thus, according to the theory, even the vacuum has a vastly complex structure and all calculations of quantum field theory must be made in relation to this model of the vacuum. The theory considers vacuum to implicitly have the same properties as a particle, such as spin or polarization in the case of light, energy, and so on. According to the ...

7. Vacuum expectation value - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_expectation_value

   In quantum field theory the vacuum expectation value (also called condensate or simply VEV) of an operator is its average or expectation value in the vacuum. The vacuum expectation value of an operator O is usually denoted by O . {\displaystyle \langle O\rangle .}