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  2. Electric dipole moment - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_dipole_moment

    Electric dipole p and its torque τ in a uniform E field. An object with an electric dipole moment p is subject to a torque τ when placed in an external electric field E. The torque tends to align the dipole with the field. A dipole aligned parallel to an electric field has lower potential energy than a

  3. Dipole - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipole

    An electric dipole deals with the separation of the positive and negative electric charges found in any electromagnetic system. A simple example of this system is a pair of charges of equal magnitude but opposite sign separated by some typically small distance. (A permanent electric dipole is called an electret.)

  4. Electric potential - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_potential

    The electric potential and the magnetic vector potential together form a four-vector, so that the two kinds of potential are mixed under Lorentz transformations. Practically, the electric potential is a continuous function in all space, because a spatial derivative of a discontinuous electric potential yields an electric field of impossibly ...

  5. List of electromagnetism equations - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_electromagnetism...

    Continuous charge distribution. The volume charge density ρ is the amount of charge per unit volume (cube), surface charge density σ is amount per unit surface area (circle) with outward unit normal nĚ‚, d is the dipole moment between two point charges, the volume density of these is the polarization density P.

  6. Polarization density - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarization_density

    When a dielectric is placed in an external electric field, its molecules gain electric dipole moment and the dielectric is said to be polarized. Electric polarization of a given dielectric material sample is defined as the quotient of electric dipole moment (a vector quantity, expressed as coulombs*meters (C*m) in SI units) to volume (meters ...

  7. Electric potential energy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_potential_energy

    Electric dipole; Electric field; ... Electric potential energy is a ... from the definition of electric potential energy and Coulomb's law to this formula.

  8. Electric field - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_field

    Since this formula gives the electric field magnitude and direction at any point ... one can still define an electric potential ... is the electric dipole moment.

  9. Electron electric dipole moment - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_electric_dipole...

    The electron electric dipole moment d e is an intrinsic property of an electron such that the potential energy is linearly related to the strength of the electric field: U = − d e ⋅ E . {\displaystyle U=-\mathbf {d} _{\rm {e}}\cdot \mathbf {E} .}