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This definition of exponentiation with negative exponents is the only one that allows extending the identity + = to negative exponents (consider the case =). The same definition applies to invertible elements in a multiplicative monoid , that is, an algebraic structure , with an associative multiplication and a multiplicative identity denoted 1 ...
If the exponent n is zero then the answer is 1. If the exponent is negative then we can reuse the previous formula by rewriting the value using a positive exponent. That is, = (). Together, these may be implemented directly as the following recursive algorithm:
The reciprocal rule can be used to show that the power rule holds for negative exponents if it has already been established for positive exponents. Also, one can readily deduce the quotient rule from the reciprocal rule and the product rule .
Where , , and are positive real numbers and , and and are real numbers. The laws result from canceling exponentials and the appropriate law of indices. Starting with the first law:
Exponential functions with bases 2 and 1/2. In mathematics, the exponential function is the unique real function which maps zero to one and has a derivative equal to its value. . The exponential of a variable is denoted or , with the two notations used interchangeab
If K is a field (such as the complex numbers), a Puiseux series with coefficients in K is an expression of the form = = + / where is a positive integer and is an integer. In other words, Puiseux series differ from Laurent series in that they allow for fractional exponents of the indeterminate, as long as these fractional exponents have bounded denominator (here n).
By comparison, powers of two with negative exponents are fractions: for positive integer n, 2 −n is one half multiplied by itself n times. Thus the first few negative powers of 2 are 1 / 2 , 1 / 4 , 1 / 8 , 1 / 16 , etc. Sometimes these are called inverse powers of two because each is the multiplicative inverse of ...
For a positive real number x, denotes the positive square root of x and denotes the positive real n th root. A negative real number −x has no real-valued square roots, but when x is treated as a complex number it has two imaginary square roots, + and , where i is the imaginary unit.
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