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The classic example of a dehydration reaction is the Fischer esterification, which involves treating a carboxylic acid with an alcohol to give an ester RCO 2 H + R′OH ⇌ RCO 2 R′ + H 2 O Often such reactions require the presence of a dehydrating agent, i.e. a substance that reacts with water.
The addition of the two molecules typically proceeds in a step-wise fashion to the addition product, usually in equilibrium, and with loss of a water molecule (hence the name condensation). [3] The reaction may otherwise involve the functional groups of the molecule, and is a versatile class of reactions that can occur in acidic or basic ...
Hydrolysis (/ h aɪ ˈ d r ɒ l ɪ s ɪ s /; from Ancient Greek hydro- ' water ' and lysis ' to unbind ') is any chemical reaction in which a molecule of water breaks one or more chemical bonds. The term is used broadly for substitution , elimination , and solvation reactions in which water is the nucleophile .
English: Phase diagram of water as a log-lin chart with pressure from 1 Pa to 1 TPa and temperature from 0 K to 650 K, compiled from data in and . Note that the phases of Ice X and XI (hexagonal) differ from the diagram in . Simplified version.
Dehydration may be accompanied by decarboxylation when an activated carboxyl group is present. The aldol addition product can be dehydrated via two mechanisms; a strong base like potassium t -butoxide , potassium hydroxide or sodium hydride deprotonates the product to an enolate , which eliminates via the E1cB mechanism , [ 9 ] [ 10 ] while ...
Peptide bond formation via dehydration reaction. When two amino acids form a dipeptide through a peptide bond, [1] it is a type of condensation reaction. [2] In this kind of condensation, two amino acids approach each other, with the non-side chain (C1) carboxylic acid moiety of one coming near the non-side chain (N2) amino moiety of the other.
Diagram depicting the distribution of total body water into percentages of intracellular and extracellular fluid. [18] Water content of a human body varies from 70-75% in newborns to 40% and less in obese adults, [19] an average value of 60% is suggested. [20] Within the body, water is classified as intracellular fluid or extracellular fluid.
The following chart shows the solubility of various ionic compounds in water at 1 atm pressure and room temperature (approx. 25 °C, 298.15 K). "Soluble" means the ionic compound doesn't precipitate, while "slightly soluble" and "insoluble" mean that a solid will precipitate; "slightly soluble" compounds like calcium sulfate may require heat to precipitate.