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The following is a timeline of low-temperature technology and cryogenic technology (refrigeration down to close to absolute zero, i.e. –273.15 °C, −459.67 °F or 0 K). [1] It also lists important milestones in thermometry , thermodynamics , statistical physics and calorimetry , that were crucial in development of low temperature systems.
The history of artificial refrigeration began when Scottish professor William Cullen designed a small refrigerating machine in 1755. Cullen used a pump to create a partial vacuum over a container of diethyl ether , which then boiled , absorbing heat from the surrounding air. [ 19 ]
The refrigerator: William Cullen (1748) [167] The flush toilet: Alexander Cumming (1775) [168] The vacuum flask: Sir James Dewar (1847–1932) [169] The first distiller to triple distill Irish whiskey: [170] John Jameson (Whisky distiller) The piano footpedal: John Broadwood (1732–1812) [171] The first automated can-filling machine John West ...
1748 – William Cullen demonstrates the first artificial refrigeration in a public lecture at the University of Glasgow in Scotland. 1759 – John Harrison uses a bimetallic strip in his third marine chronometer (H3) to compensate for temperature-induced changes in the balance spring. This converts thermal expansion and contraction in two ...
Food in a refrigerator with its door open. A refrigerator, commonly shortened to fridge, is a commercial and home appliance consisting of a thermally insulated compartment and a heat pump (mechanical, electronic or chemical) that transfers heat from its inside to its external environment so that its inside is cooled to a temperature below the room temperature. [1]
Cullen was born in Hamilton. [10] His father William was a lawyer retained by the Duke of Hamilton as factor, and his mother was Elizabeth Roberton of Whistlebury. [11] [12] He studied at the Old Grammar School of Hamilton (renamed in 1848 The Hamilton Academy), then, in 1726, began a General Studies arts course at the University of Glasgow.
Adsorption refrigeration was invented by Michael Faraday in 1821, even though the basis of artificial modern refrigeration dates back to 1748 with William Cullen's experiments. [1] Adsorption is sometimes referred to as solid sorption. [2] It is very similar to absorption refrigeration (note that the second letter is different).
William Cullen (1710–1790), UK – first artificial refrigerator Rose Cumming (1887–1968), U.S. – metallic wallpaper Emily Cummins (born 1987), UK – sustainable refrigerator, water carrier, toothpaste dispenser