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When the vacuum is applied to the infant's head, the tension creates a difference in pressure between the atmosphere and the infant's scalp that causes the soft tissue layers of the scalp to fill inside the suction cup. [5] [6] Subsequently, interstitial fluid and small hemorrhages build up, causing the head to swell and forming a localized edema.
At around age 4, children develop an adult-like pattern of bowel movements (1-2 stools/day). The median onset of functional constipation in children is at 2.3 years old, with girls and boys being similarly affected. [2] Children benefit from scheduled toilet breaks, once early in the morning and 30 minutes after meals.
Obstructed defecation syndrome (abbreviated as ODS, with many synonymous terms) is a major cause of functional constipation (primary constipation), [19] of which it is considered a subtype. [20] It is characterized by difficult and/or incomplete emptying of the rectum with or without an actual reduction in the number of bowel movements per week ...
Functional constipation: This typically happens when kids hold back bowel movements or after they have a gastrointestinal infection. Many children with constipation have functional constipation ...
Caput succedaneum is a benign neonatal condition involving a serosanguinous (containing blood and serum), subcutaneous, extra-periosteal fluid collection with poorly defined margins caused by the pressure on the presenting part of the fetal scalp by the vaginal walls and uterus as the infant passes through a narrowed cervix during delivery.
A fecal impaction or an impacted bowel is a solid, immobile bulk of feces that can develop in the rectum as a result of chronic constipation [1] (a related term is fecal loading which refers to a large volume of stool in the rectum of any consistency). [2]
(In)voluntary soiling of undergarments. There are two types: with or without constipation. [3] Those with constipation may experience decreased appetite, abdominal pain, have pain on defecation, have fewer bowel movements, and have hard or soft stools. [1] Those without constipation do not have these symptoms. [1]
The majority of neonatal cases (90%) result from applying a vacuum to the head at delivery (ventouse-assisted delivery). The vacuum assist ruptures the emissary veins (i.e., connections between dural sinus and scalp veins) leading to accumulation of blood under the aponeurosis of the scalp muscle and superficial to the periosteum.