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Many reef aquarium keepers use RO systems to make fish-friendly seawater. Ordinary tap water can contain excessive chlorine, chloramines, copper, nitrates, nitrites, phosphates, silicates, or other chemicals detrimental to marine organisms.
Reverse osmosis is a common process to purify or desalinate contaminated water by forcing water through a membrane. Water produced by reverse osmosis may be used for a variety of purposes, including desalination , wastewater treatment , concentration of contaminants, and the reclamation of dissolved minerals. [ 1 ]
The Berlin Method of biological filtration is a method for maintaining a clean and stable environment within a saltwater aquarium, typically a coral reef system. This method relies on the use of ample live rock (rock with live marine organisms and bacteria on or in it).
Figure 1: SEM image of a virgin (new) RO membrane that has not been scaled Figure 2: SEM image of a RO membrane that has been scaled. Membrane scaling is when one or more sparingly soluble salts (e.g., calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, etc.) precipitate and form a dense layer on the membrane surface in reverse osmosis (RO) applications. [1]
Wave powered desalination systems generally convert mechanical wave motion directly to hydraulic power for reverse osmosis. [58] Such systems aim to maximize efficiency and reduce costs by avoiding conversion to electricity, minimizing excess pressurization above the osmotic pressure, and innovating on hydraulic and wave power components. [ 59 ]
Filtration system in a typical aquarium: (1) intake, (2) mechanical filtration, (3) chemical filtration, (4) biological filtration medium, (5) outflow to tank. The typical hobbyist aquarium includes a filtration system, an artificial lighting system, an air diffuser and pump, and a heater or chiller depending on the aquarium's inhabitants.
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