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Examples of swarm intelligence in natural systems include ant colonies, bee colonies, bird flocking, hawks hunting, animal herding, bacterial growth, fish schooling and microbial intelligence. The application of swarm principles to robots is called swarm robotics while swarm intelligence refers to the more general set of algorithms.
A further key concept in the field of swarm intelligence is stigmergy. [21] [22] Stigmergy is a mechanism of indirect coordination between agents or actions. The principle is that the trace left in the environment by an action stimulates the performance of a next action, by the same or a different agent.
Particle swarm optimization (PSO) A swarm intelligence method. Intelligent water drops (IWD) A swarm-based optimization algorithm based on natural water drops flowing in rivers Gravitational search algorithm (GSA) A swarm intelligence method. Ant colony clustering method (ACCM) A method that make use of clustering approach, extending the ACO.
Stochastic diffusion search (SDS) was first described in 1989 as a population-based, pattern-matching algorithm. [1] It belongs to a family of swarm intelligence and naturally inspired search and optimisation algorithms which includes ant colony optimization, particle swarm optimization and genetic algorithms; as such SDS was the first Swarm Intelligence metaheuristic.
Conversely, in autocratic systems, where a leadership-seeking collective or “swarm” intelligence is cultivated, AI risks being relegated to a mere tool of sociotechnical control.
The Fireworks Algorithm (FWA) is a swarm intelligence algorithm that explores a very large solution space by choosing a set of random points confined by some distance metric in the hopes that one or more of them will yield promising results, allowing for a more concentrated search nearby.
The design of swarm robotics systems is guided by swarm intelligence principles, which promote fault tolerance, scalability, and flexibility. [1] Unlike distributed robotic systems in general, swarm robotics emphasizes a large number of robots. While various formulations of swarm intelligence principles exist, one widely recognized set includes:
For example, cliff swallows that are commonly parasitized by swallow bugs incur a cost when forming colonies, as these parasitic bugs increase the mortality rates of cliff swallow nestlings. [27] A study shows that the number of swallow bugs found in cliff swallow nests increased with the increase of cliff swallow colony size, thus reducing ...