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The first écu was a gold coin (the écu d'or) minted during the reign of Louis IX of France, in 1266. The value of the écu varied considerably over time, and silver coins (known as écu d'argent) were also introduced. Écu (from Latin scutum) means shield, and the coin was so called because its design included the coat of arms of France.
The French protectorate of Tunisia (French: Protectorat français de Tunisie; Arabic: الحماية الفرنسية في تونس al-ḥimāya al-Fransīya fī Tūnis), officially the Regency of Tunis [1] [2] [b] (French: Régence de Tunis) and commonly referred to as simply French Tunisia, was established in 1881, during the French colonial empire era, and lasted until Tunisian independence ...
Repatriated to Vichy France by the Germans at the end of the Tunisian campaign: 10 May 1943 to 22 February 1947: Charles Mast, Resident-General: 22 February 1947 to 13 June 1950: Jean Mons , Resident-General: 13 June 1950 to 13 January 1952: Louis Périllier , Resident-General: 13 January 1952 to 2 September 1953: Jean de Hauteclocque ,
France invaded Tunisia in 1881 and established the French protectorate of Tunisia, which lasted until Tunisia's independence in 1956. In 1957, France cut off financial aid totaling $33.5 million to Tunisia because of its support for neighboring Algeria 's independence movements. [ 1 ]
As in the first World War, Tunisians troops were transported to France to fight against the German armies in World War II. Three infantry regiments, one after the other, disembarked at Marseille commencing in March, 1940, and entered the Battle of France. After the French defeat they were back in Tunisia by September. [194]
France had also made a major loan to Tunisia in the mid-19th century. [3] The Tunisian government was weak, with an inefficient tax system that only brought it one-fifth of the tax collected. The economy was crippled with a series of droughts and the elimination of corsairs by Western fleets. Lastly, Tunisians had little control on foreign ...
In 1920, its role as local arm of the Crédit Foncier de France was formally extended to Morocco, by then a French protectorate. [3] The bank also opened branches in France outside Paris, in Marseille (1899), Nantes (1914) and Lyon (1921), as well as in London, Málaga, Palma de Mallorca, Gibraltar and Valletta in 1920.
Among the first Tunisian delegates appointed was Abdeljelil Zaouche, and his selection prompted the first dissent in the ranks of the Young Tunisian movement. Ali Bach Hamba felt that participation in the conference should be based on elections, not appointment. Zaouche's view was that taking part in the conference was a way of making Tunisians ...