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For instance, a popular choice of feature scaling method is min-max normalization, where each feature is transformed to have the same range (typically [,] or [,]). This solves the problem of different features having vastly different scales, for example if one feature is measured in kilometers and another in nanometers.
Batch normalization (also known as batch norm) is a method used to make training of artificial neural networks faster and more stable through normalization of the layers' inputs by re-centering and re-scaling. It was proposed by Sergey Ioffe and Christian Szegedy in 2015.
Function multi-versioning (FMV): a subroutine in the program or a library is duplicated and compiled for many instruction set extensions, and the program decides which one to use at run-time. Library multi-versioning (LMV): the entire programming library is duplicated for many instruction set extensions, and the operating system or the program ...
Apache Beam: Java/Scala SDK that unifies streaming (and batch) processing with several execution engines supported (Apache Spark, Apache Flink, Google Dataflow etc.) Apache Flink: Java/Scala library that allows streaming (and batch) computations to be run atop a distributed Hadoop (or other) cluster; Apache Spark
A flow-based generative model is a generative model used in machine learning that explicitly models a probability distribution by leveraging normalizing flow, [1] [2] [3] which is a statistical method using the change-of-variable law of probabilities to transform a simple distribution into a complex one.
This connection is referred to as a "residual connection" in later work. The function () is often represented by matrix multiplication interlaced with activation functions and normalization operations (e.g., batch normalization or layer normalization). As a whole, one of these subnetworks is referred to as a "residual block". [1]
Kumar suggested that the distribution of initial weights should vary according to activation function used and proposed to initialize the weights in networks with the logistic activation function using a Gaussian distribution with a zero mean and a standard deviation of 3.6/sqrt(N), where N is the number of neurons in a layer.
When used to minimize the above function, a standard (or "batch") gradient descent method would perform the following iterations: := = = (). The step size is denoted by η {\displaystyle \eta } (sometimes called the learning rate in machine learning) and here " := {\displaystyle :=} " denotes the update of a variable in the algorithm.