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A storm surge, storm flood, tidal surge, or storm tide is a coastal flood or tsunami-like phenomenon of rising water commonly associated with low-pressure weather systems, such as cyclones. It is measured as the rise in water level above the normal tidal level, and does not include waves. [1]
A breakwater is a permanent structure constructed at a coastal area to protect against tides, currents, waves, and storm surges. Breakwaters have been built since antiquity to protect anchorages , helping isolate vessels from marine hazards such as wind-driven waves. [ 1 ]
The more gradual the slope, the higher the storm surge. "The height of the storm surge is also dictated by the shape of the coast," Kottlowski said, citing differences between a concave coast ...
The effects of wave pounding are influenced by wave shape, ocean chemistry, rock type, and morphology of the coastal landscape. There are three different types of waves to consider in this process: spilling, plunging, and surging waves. Spilling waves have the least amount of energy associated with them due to their shallow ocean floor.
The coastal environment produces challenges specific for this branch of engineering: waves, storm surges, tides, tsunamis, sea level changes, sea water and the marine ecosystem. Most often, in coastal engineering projects there is a need for metocean conditions : local wind and wave climate, as well as statistics for and information on other ...
Storm surge is the abnormal rise of water generated by a storm's winds. This is historically the leading cause of hurricane-related deaths in the United States.
This phenomenon becomes especially significant when water is funnelled into shallow or narrow areas, leading to higher storm surges. [ 3 ] Examples of the effects of wind setup include Hurricanes Gamma and Delta in 2020, during which wind setup was a major factor when strong winds and atmospheric pressure drops caused higher-than-expected ...
[2] [3] Fetch is used in geography and meteorology and its effects are usually associated with sea state and when it reaches shore it is the main factor that creates storm surge which leads to coastal erosion and flooding. [citation needed] It also plays a large part in longshore drift. [citation needed] [clarification needed]