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  2. Electric arc furnace - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_arc_furnace

    An electric arc furnace (EAF) is a furnace that heats material by means of an electric arc. Industrial arc furnaces range in size from small units of approximately one-tonne capacity (used in foundries for producing cast iron products) up to about 400-tonne units used for secondary steelmaking. Arc furnaces used in research laboratories and by ...

  3. Joule heating - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joule_heating

    Joule heating is caused by interactions between charge carriers (usually electrons) and the body of the conductor.. A potential difference between two points of a conductor creates an electric field that accelerates charge carriers in the direction of the electric field, giving them kinetic energy.

  4. Electric arc - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_arc

    An electric arc between two nails. An electric arc (or arc discharge) is an electrical breakdown of a gas that produces a prolonged electrical discharge. The current through a normally nonconductive medium such as air produces a plasma, which may produce visible light. An arc discharge is initiated either by thermionic emission or by field ...

  5. Induction furnace - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induction_furnace

    Induction furnaces do not require an arc, as in an electric arc furnace, or combustion, as in a blast furnace. As a result, the temperature of the charge (the material entered into the furnace for heating, not to be confused with electric charge) is no higher than required to melt it; this can prevent the loss of valuable alloying elements. [5]

  6. Submerged-arc furnace for phosphorus production - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submerged-arc_furnace_for...

    A submerge-arc furnace's shell or casing is fabricated from steel. The lower part is lined with hard blocks of strongly calcined carbon, and the upper part with firebrick. The floor and lower section of the furnace are water-cooled. Three electrodes are placed at the angles of an equilateral triangle with rounded corners.

  7. Paschen's law - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paschen's_law

    The voltage required to arc this distance is 327 V, which is insufficient to ignite the arcs for gaps that are either wider or narrower. For a 3.5 μm gap, the required voltage is 533 V, nearly twice as much. If 500 V were applied, it would not be sufficient to arc at the 2.85 μm distance, but would arc at a 7.5 μm distance.

  8. Skin effect - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin_effect

    A convenient formula (attributed to F.E. Terman) for the diameter D W of a wire of circular cross-section whose resistance will increase by 10% at frequency f is: [7] = / This formula for the increase in AC resistance is accurate only for an isolated wire.

  9. Industrial furnace - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_furnace

    Ceramic fibre is commonly used for the roof and wall of the furnace and is graded by its density and then its maximum temperature rating. For example, 8# 2,300 °F means 8 lb/ft 3 density with a maximum temperature rating of 2,300 °F. The actual service temperature rating for ceramic fiber is a bit lower than the maximum rated temperature.