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  2. Crystallography - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystallography

    Crystallography is used by materials scientists to characterize different materials. In single crystals, the effects of the crystalline arrangement of atoms is often easy to see macroscopically because the natural shapes of crystals reflect the atomic structure. In addition, physical properties are often controlled by crystalline defects.

  3. Crystallization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystallization

    Crystallization is the process by which solids form, where the atoms or molecules are highly organized into a structure known as a crystal. Some ways by which crystals form are precipitating from a solution, freezing, or more rarely deposition directly from a gas.

  4. Fractional crystallization (chemistry) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractional_crystallization...

    In chemistry, fractional crystallization is a stage-wise separation technique that relies on the liquid–solid phase change. This technique fractionates via differences in crystallization temperature and enables the purification of multi-component mixtures, as long as none of the constituents can act as solvents to the others. Due to the high ...

  5. Crystallization of polymers - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystallization_of_polymers

    Crystallization of polymers is a process associated with partial alignment of their molecular chains. These chains fold together and form ordered regions called lamellae, which compose larger spheroidal structures named spherulites. [1] [2] Polymers can crystallize upon cooling from melting, mechanical stretching or solvent evaporation ...

  6. X-ray crystallography - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_crystallography

    Crystals used in X-ray crystallography may be smaller than a millimeter across. Although crystallography can be used to characterize the disorder in an impure or irregular crystal, crystallography generally requires a pure crystal of high regularity to solve the structure of a complicated arrangement of atoms.

  7. Mother liquor - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother_liquor

    Crystallization can then be induced from this supersaturated solution and the resultant pure crystals removed by such methods as filtration and centrifugal separators. The remaining solution, once the crystals have been filtered out, is known as the mother liquor, and will contain a portion of the original solute (as predicted by its solubility ...

  8. Doing dry January? These are the healthiest non-alcoholic ...

    www.aol.com/doing-dry-january-healthiest-non...

    After a long holiday season indulging in sweet treats and perhaps a few too many spirits, January can be a great time to reset and return to healthy habits.

  9. Crystal structure - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_structure

    All crystals have translational symmetry in three directions, but some have other symmetry elements as well. For example, rotating the crystal 180° about a certain axis may result in an atomic configuration that is identical to the original configuration; the crystal has twofold rotational symmetry about this axis.