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Humans are the main indoor source of carbon dioxide (CO 2) in most buildings. Indoor CO 2 levels are an indicator of the adequacy of outdoor air ventilation relative to indoor occupant density and metabolic activity. Indoor CO 2 levels above 500 ppm can lead to higher blood pressure and heart rate, and increased peripheral blood circulation. [85]
As the sensor reads the increasing amount of carbon dioxide levels in a space, the ventilation increases to dilute the levels. When the space is unoccupied, the sensor reads normal levels, and continues to supply the unoccupied airflow rate. This rate is determined by the building owner standards, along with the designer and ASHRAE Standard 62. ...
Naturally ventilation can also be used without mechanical ventilation system if the design follows Natural Ventilation Procedure in ASHRAE 62.1, CIBSE AM10, AS 1668.4 at least 90% of the project area. Ventilation monitoring can be only solution if carbon dioxide level is met under 900 ppm indoor and 500 ppm outdoor. [3]
The Sweden Green Building Council introduced its own certification system in 2011 with Miljöbyggnad which is based on Swedish standards and legislations. [13] It is currently in its 3rd iteration with Miljöbyggnad 3.1 released in April 2020. [14] Miljöbyggnad has three levels of certification: Bronze, Silver and Gold. [15]
Healthy building refers to an emerging area of interest that supports the physical, psychological, and social health and well-being of people in buildings and the built environment. [1] Buildings can be key promoters of health and well-being since most people spend a majority of their time indoors. [ 2 ]
In terms of health effects, the guideline states that PM2.5 concentration of 10 is the lowest level at which total, cardiopulmonary and lung cancer mortality have been shown to increase with more than 95% confidence in response to long-term exposure to PM2.5. [2]
Compliance with higher levels of the Code is voluntary, with a long-term view for step-change increases. Landowners and agents sell sites with stipulations to build at certain Code levels. The extra-over cost of building to Code Level 3 was valued around £2000-3000. Additionally the Code assessment cost around £2000 for a small project.
Buildings alone were responsible for 38% of all human Greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) as of 2008, with 20% attributed to residential buildings and 18% to commercial buildings. [4] According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), buildings is the sector which presents the most cost effective opportunities for GHG reductions.
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