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The Lepidoptera have developed a wide variety of morphological wing-coupling mechanisms in the imago which render these taxa "functionally dipterous" (two winged). [33] All but the most basal forms exhibit this wing coupling. [34] There are three different types of mechanisms – jugal, frenulo–retinacular, and amplexiform. [35]
Examples of frenulo-retinacular wing coupling in male and female moths Other groups of moth have a frenulum on the hindwing that hooks under a retinaculum on the forewing. [ 4 ] The retinaculum is a hook or tuft on the underside of the forewing of some moths .
The terms are directly from Latin, in which hamus means "hook".The plural is hami.. Hamulus is the diminutive – hooklet or little hook. The plural is hamuli.. Adjectives are hamate and hamulate, as in "a hamulate wing-coupling", in which the wings of certain insects in flight are joined by hooking hamuli on one wing into folds on a matching wing.
The Morpho Menelaus' characteristic iridescent wings has a unique wing structure. The ground scales are covered by a set of longitudinal ridges, and within the ridges are layers of lamella. [12] Because the size of the microstructure is the same as the wavelength of light, the layers in the wings react strongly with visible light. [2]
Many moths have a frenulum which is a filament arising from the hindwing and coupling (matching up) with barbs on the forewing. The frenulum can be observed only when a specimen is in hand. There is only one known species of butterfly with a frenulum, which is the male regent skipper Euschemon rafflesia. [5]
The third and rather small butterfly superfamily is the moth-butterflies (Hedyloidea), which are restricted to the Neotropics, but recent phylogenetic analyses suggest the traditional Papilionoidea are paraphyletic, thus the subfamilies should be reorganized to reflect true cladistic relationships. [3] [4] Grass Skipper Butterfly atalopedes ...
Limenitis arthemis, the red-spotted purple or white admiral, is a North American butterfly species in the cosmopolitan genus Limenitis.It has been studied for its evolution of mimicry, and for the several stable hybrid wing patterns within this nominal species; it is one of the most dramatic examples of hybridization between non-mimetic and mimetic populations.
Nessaea obrinus, the obrina olivewing, is a species of butterfly of the family Nymphalidae. It is found from Colombia and the Guianas to the mouth of the Amazon and south to central Bolivia and Mato Grosso in Brazil, extending to northern Argentina. [2] Underside. The length of the wings is 25–40 mm for males and 26–41 mm for females.