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Transmission can also be indirect, via another organism, either a vector (e.g. a mosquito or fly) or an intermediate host (e.g. tapeworm in pigs can be transmitted to humans who ingest improperly cooked pork). Indirect transmission could involve zoonoses or, more typically, larger pathogens like macroparasites with more complex life cycles.
A blood-borne disease is a disease that can be spread through contamination by blood and other body fluids. Blood can contain pathogens of various types, chief among which are microorganisms , like bacteria and parasites , and non-living infectious agents such as viruses .
Bloodstream infections (BSIs) are infections of blood caused by blood-borne pathogens. [1] The detection of microbes in the blood (most commonly accomplished by blood cultures [2]) is always abnormal. A bloodstream infection is different from sepsis, which is characterized by severe inflammatory or immune responses of the host organism to ...
Cross-species transmission is the most significant cause of disease emergence in humans and other species. [citation needed] Wildlife zoonotic diseases of microbial origin are also the most common group of human emerging diseases, and CST between wildlife and livestock has appreciable economic impacts in agriculture by reducing livestock productivity and imposing export restrictions. [2]
The sylvatic cycle, also enzootic or sylvatic transmission cycle, is a portion of the natural transmission cycle of a pathogen. Sylvatic refers to the occurrence of a subject in or affecting wild animals. The sylvatic cycle is the fraction of the pathogen population's lifespan spent cycling between wild animals and vectors. Humans are usually ...
Transmission-based precautions are infection-control precautions in health care, in addition to the so-called "standard precautions". They are the latest routine infection prevention and control practices applied for patients who are known or suspected to be infected or colonized with infectious agents, including certain epidemiologically important pathogens, which require additional control ...
West Nile virus; Many factors affect the incidence of vector-borne diseases. These factors include animals hosting the disease, vectors, and people. [21] Humans can also be vectors for some diseases, such as Tobacco mosaic virus, physically transmitting the virus with their hands from plant to plant. [citation needed]
Semliki Forest virus: Togaviridae: Arbovirus encephalitis: Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus: Togaviridae: Arbovirus encephalitis: Western equine encephalitis virus: Culex tarsalis [4] Reoviridae: Arbovirus encephalitis: Banna virus