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Underlay or underlayment [1] generally refers to a layer of cushioning made of materials such as sponge rubber, foam, felt, crumb rubber, or recycled plastic; this material is laid beneath carpeting to provide comfort underfoot, to reduce wear on the carpet, and to provide insulation against sound, moisture, and heat. [2]
A traditional stair carpet was characterized by not covering the full width of the stair but leaving the underlying wood−stone−tile of the tread and risers open to view on the sides. This was sometimes simply to save on carpet and sometimes to expose features while preventing wear to the underlying surface.
A concrete slab is a common structural element of modern buildings, consisting of a flat, horizontal surface made of cast concrete. Steel- reinforced slabs, typically between 100 and 500 mm thick, are most often used to construct floors and ceilings, while thinner mud slabs may be used for exterior paving ( see below ).
Pendulum floor slip resistance tester. The ASTM E303-22 [1] (United States), BS EN 16165:2021, [2] BS EN 13036-4:2011 [3] (United Kingdom and many other European nations), AS 4663:2013 - Slip resistance of existing pedestrian surfaces, and AS 4586:2013 - Slip resistance classification of new pedestrian surface materials (Australia/New Zealand) slip resistance test standards define the pendulum ...
A carpet is a textile floor covering typically consisting of an upper layer of pile attached to a backing. The pile was traditionally made from wool, but since the 20th century synthetic fibers such as polypropylene, nylon, or polyester have often been used, as these fibers are less expensive than wool. The pile usually consists of twisted ...
Unbound granular materials are usually crushed stone, [3] crushed slag or concrete, or slate. Cement-bound materials come in multiple types. Mass concrete is used where exceptional loads are expected, with thickness usually 100 to 150 millimetres (4 to 6 in ), and optional reinforcement with steel mesh or polymer fibers.
Martin Barlow and Richard Bass have shown that a random walk on the Sierpiński carpet diffuses at a slower rate than an unrestricted random walk in the plane. The latter reaches a mean distance proportional to √ n after n steps, but the random walk on the discrete Sierpiński carpet reaches only a mean distance proportional to β √ n for ...
Step street at West 229th Street, Bronx, New York. A step street is a thoroughfare fitted with steps for pedestrian traffic rather than paved or tracked for motor vehicles. . It is a practical way of providing access up and down a slope that is too steep for automobi
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