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During the trial of Klaus Barbie, Albert Jacquard posited that the term "human race" is devoid of meaning, as it is impossible to define races without falling into complete scientific arbitrariness. [17] The term "belonging, true or supposed, to a race" was introduced into French legislation on June 7, 1977, as a complement to the 1972 law. [14]
The Code noir (French pronunciation: [kɔd nwaʁ], Black code) was a decree passed by King Louis XIV of France in 1685 defining the conditions of slavery in the French colonial empire and served as the code for slavery conduct in the French colonies up until 1789 the year marking the beginning of the French Revolution.
The notion of race first entered the French lexicon in the late fifteenth century to categorize breeds of animals for hunting or combat. Shortly afterward, it was applied to members of the French monarchy, then certain members of the French nobility, as a signifier of lineage and to distinguish from new nobles, the vulgar, and the older noble families (the noblesse de race).
The French constitution of 4 October 1958 was revised many times in its early years. Changes to this fundamental law have become more frequent since the 1990s, for two major reasons: public projects for institutional modernization; adaptation to European Union and other international law.
In-depth assessing of the issue remains difficult as French law prohibits the government from collecting ethnic and religious census data (French: statistiques ethniques et religieuses). The National and Consultative Commission on Human Rights ( Commission nationale et consultative des droits de l'Homme ) reported in 2016 that only 8% of French ...
The current Constitution of France was adopted on 4 October 1958. It is typically called the Constitution of the Fifth Republic (French: la Constitution de la Cinquième République), [1] and it replaced the Constitution of the Fourth Republic of 1946 with the exception of the preamble per a 1971 decision of the Constitutional Council. [2]
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On 2 December 2020, the French government dissolved the ‘Collective Against Islamophobia in France’ (CCIF), an NGO that combats discrimination against Muslims. CCIF's works have been recognised by the Human Rights Watch as well as other international human rights organizations and lawyers to be important in documenting the discriminatory ...