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Water fluoridation is the controlled addition of fluoride to a public water supply to reduce tooth decay, and is handled differently by countries across the world [2].. Water fluoridation is considered very common in the United States, Canada, Ireland, Chile and Australia where over 50% of the population drinks fluoridated water.
As of May 2000, 42 of the 50 largest U.S. cities had water fluoridation. [29] According to a 2002 study, [30] 67% of U.S. residents were living in communities with fluoridated water at that time. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control has identified community water fluoridation as one of ten great public health achievements of the 20th century. [31]
Uric acid displays lactam–lactim tautomerism. [4] Uric acid crystallizes in the lactam form, [5] with computational chemistry also indicating that tautomer to be the most stable. [6] Uric acid is a diprotic acid with pK a1 = 5.4 and pK a2 = 10.3. [7] At physiological pH, urate predominates in solution. [medical citation needed]
Fluorosilicic acid (H 2 SiF 6) is the most commonly used additive for water fluoridation in the United States. [45] It is an inexpensive liquid by-product of phosphate fertilizer manufacture. [41] It comes in varying strengths, typically 23–25%; because it contains so much water, shipping can be expensive. [42]
Water fluoridation is used in the United States, United Kingdom, Ireland, Canada, Australia, Israel, Hong Kong and a handful of other countries. Most countries failed to adopt fluoridation, yet experienced the same or greater decline in cavities as those countries that did fluoridate during the later half of the twentieth century. [77]
A U.S. District Court in California court ruled that 0.7 milligrams per liter of fluoride in drinking water poses an unreasonable risk to health.
As for fluoride in water, "there have been literally thousands of studies published in peer-reviewed journals that demonstrate the safety of community water fluoridation," said Dr. Brittany ...
Fluoride pollution from various industrial emissions can also contaminate water supplies. In a few areas of the United States, fluoride concentrations in water are much higher than normal, mostly from natural sources. In 1986, EPA established a maximum allowable concentration for fluoride in drinking water of 4 milligrams per liter (mg/L).