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In return, the zooxanthellae provide compounds that give energy to the coral through photosynthesis. [19] This relationship has allowed coral to survive for at least 210 million years in nutrient-poor environments. [19] Coral bleaching is caused by the breakdown of this relationship. [2] Coral bleaching in ecosystems is a complex dynamic.
The principal example is tert-butyl hypochlorite, which is a useful chlorinating agent. [3] Most hypochlorite salts are handled as aqueous solutions. Their primary applications are as bleaching, disinfection, and water treatment agents. They are also used in chemistry for chlorination and oxidation reactions.
In oxygenic photosynthesis, the first electron donor is water, creating oxygen (O 2) as a by-product. In anoxygenic photosynthesis, various electron donors are used. Cytochrome b 6 f and ATP synthase work together to produce ATP (photophosphorylation) in two distinct ways.
Photoexcitation is the first step in a photochemical process where the reactant is elevated to a state of higher energy, an excited state.The first law of photochemistry, known as the Grotthuss–Draper law (for chemists Theodor Grotthuss and John W. Draper), states that light must be absorbed by a chemical substance in order for a photochemical reaction to take place.
Pure" samples have 99.2% active chlorine. Given common industrial purity, an active chlorine content of 65-70% is typical. [2] It is the main active ingredient of commercial products called bleaching powder, [a] used for water treatment and as a bleaching agent. [3]
The evolution of oxygen during the light-dependent steps in photosynthesis (Hill reaction) was proposed and proven by British biochemist Robin Hill. He demonstrated that isolated chloroplasts would make oxygen (O 2) but not fix carbon dioxide (CO 2). This is evidence that the light and dark reactions occur at different sites within the cell. [1 ...
Note that this is for an instantaneous bleach with a step function profile, i.e., the fraction of protein assumed to be bleached instantaneously at time = is () =, <, and () =, >, for is the distance from the centre of the bleached area. It is also assumed that the recovery can be modelled by diffusion in two dimensions, that is also both ...
The largest reservoir of chlorine resides in the lithosphere, where 2.2 × 10 22 kg of global chlorine is found in Earth's mantle. [2] Volcanic eruptions will sporadically release high levels of chlorine as HCl into the troposphere, but the majority of the terrestrial chlorine flux comes from seawater sources mixing with the mantle. [2]