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In surveying, free stationing (also known as resection) is a method of determining a location of one unknown point in relation to known points. [1] There is a zero point of reference called a total station. The instrument can be freely positioned so that all survey points are at a suitable sight from the instrument.
[1] [2] The Abney level is an easy to use, relatively inexpensive, and, when used correctly, an accurate surveying tool. Abney levels typically include scales graduated in measure degrees of arc, percent grade, and in topographic Abney levels, grade in feet per surveyor's chain, and chainage correction.
National survey departments of each country determine RLs of significantly important locations or points. These points are called permanent benchmarks and this survey process is known as Great Trigonometrical Surveying (GTS). The permanent benchmarks act as reference points for determining RLs of other locations in a particular country.
The Survey of India is India's central engineering agency in charge of mapping and surveying. [3] Set up in 1767 [ 4 ] to help consolidate the territories of the British East India Company , it is one of the oldest Engineering Departments of the Government of India .
Gunter's chain (also known as Gunter's measurement) is a distance-measuring device used for surveying.It was designed and introduced in 1620 by English clergyman and mathematician Edmund Gunter (1581–1626).
[1] [2] In this case, errors arise when the tape is pulled at a Tension which differs from the standard tension used at standardization. The tape will pulled less than its standard length when a tension less than the standard tension is applied, making the tape too long.