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In networking equipment configuration, a term-of-art distinction is often drawn: The term protocol strictly refers to the transport layer, and the term service refers to protocols utilizing a protocol for transport. In the common case of TCP and UDP, services are distinguished by port numbers.
This article lists protocols, categorized by the nearest layer in the Open Systems Interconnection model.This list is not exclusive to only the OSI protocol family.Many of these protocols are originally based on the Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) and other models and they often do not fit neatly into OSI layers.
The foundational protocols in the suite are the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), the User Datagram Protocol (UDP), and the Internet Protocol (IP). Early versions of this networking model were known as the Department of Defense ( DoD ) model because the research and development were funded by the United States Department of Defense through ...
The Internet Protocol (IP) is the network layer communications protocol in the Internet protocol suite for relaying datagrams across network ... For this purpose, ...
It was common for large networks to support multiple network protocol suites, with many devices unable to interoperate with other devices because of a lack of common protocols. For a period in the late 1980s and early 1990s, engineers, organizations and nations became polarized over the issue of which standard , the OSI model or the Internet ...
The internet layer is a group of internetworking methods, protocols, and specifications in the Internet protocol suite that are used to transport network packets from the originating host across network boundaries; if necessary, to the destination host specified by an IP address.
An application layer is an abstraction layer that specifies the shared communication protocols and interface methods used by hosts in a communications network. [1] An application layer abstraction is specified in both the Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) and the OSI model. [2]
At the lower levels of the protocol stack, due to network congestion, traffic load balancing, or unpredictable network behavior, IP packets may be lost, duplicated, or delivered out of order. TCP detects these problems, requests re-transmission of lost data, rearranges out-of-order data and even helps minimize network congestion to reduce the ...