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The development of the nervous system in humans, or neural development, or neurodevelopment involves the studies of embryology, developmental biology, and neuroscience.These describe the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which the complex nervous system forms in humans, develops during prenatal development, and continues to develop postnatally.
FOXP2 is expressed in many areas of the brain, [19] including the basal ganglia and inferior frontal cortex, where it is essential for brain maturation and speech and language development. [20] In mice, the gene was found to be twice as highly expressed in male pups than female pups, which correlated with an almost double increase in the number ...
Fukuyama congenital muscular dystrophy also affects the nervous system and various associated parts. FCMD affects normal development of the brain producing a broadly smooth, bumpy shaped cortex named cobblestone lissencephaly as well as various other malformations, notably micropolygyria. Children also experience delayed myelination in the ...
These children carried homozygous/heterozygous mutations in those 3 genes, which resulted in autosomal recessive inheritance. Because it was identified as autosomal recessive inheritance, scanning electron microscopy was performed in order to rule out autosomal dominance since this type of gene can also be autosomal dominant to a certain extent.
A major section of an organism therefore might carry the same mutation, especially if that mutation occurs at earlier stages of development. [2] Somatic mutations that occur later in an organism's life can be hard to detect, as they may affect only a single cell—for instance, a post- mitotic neuron; [ 3 ] [ 4 ] improvements in single cell ...
Brain mapping can show how an animal's brain changes throughout its lifetime. As of 2021, scientists mapped and compared the whole brains of eight C. elegans worms across their development on the neuronal level [67] [68] and the complete wiring of a single mammalian muscle from birth to adulthood. [37]
In at least 95% of Rett syndrome cases, the cause is a de novo mutation in the child, almost exclusively from a de novo mutation on the male copy of the X chromosome. [ 24 ] [ 25 ] It is not yet known what causes the sperm to mutate, and such mutations are rare.
Some nonlethal regulatory mutations occur in HOX genes in humans, which can result in a cervical rib [95] or polydactyly, an increase in the number of fingers or toes. [96] When such mutations result in a higher fitness, natural selection favours these phenotypes and the novel trait spreads in the population.