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In international relations (IR), constructivism is a social theory that asserts that significant aspects of international relations are shaped by ideational factors. [1] [2] [3] The most important ideational factors are those that are collectively held; these collectively held beliefs construct the interests and identities of actors.
Political sophistication is a construct in the field of political psychology. It concerns the extent to which a person has knowledge of political activity, assimilates information and forms political views. One of the earliest uses of the term was by Robert C. Luskin in his paper Explaining Political Sophistication (1990).
Political subjectivity is a term used to indicate the deeply embedded nature of subjectivity and subjective experience in a socially constructed system of power and meaning. The notion of political subjectivity is an emerging idea in social sciences and humanities .
Joe L. Kincheloe has published numerous social and educational books on critical constructivism (2001, 2005, 2008), a version of constructivist epistemology that places emphasis on the exaggerated influence of political and cultural power in the construction of knowledge, consciousness, and views of reality. In the contemporary mediated ...
In political science, the study of political cognition was facilitated by the emergence of survey research and a growing interest in understanding how individual make voting decisions. [ 14 ] In the 1930s, however, the explosion of commercial polling agencies facilitated the collection of data at the individual level. [ 15 ]
To remain viable, political parties must be able to attract diverse groups and compensate for losses incurred by the activation of a caste, religious, or some other identity; hence the moderation. [58] Importantly, the Indian Constitution leaves the definition of its affirmative action, linguistic, and statehood provisions open to revision. [59]
Definition: "Epistemic validity is concerned with the degree to which community research and action is attuned to issues of power at multiple levels of analysis (personal, relational, collective). The more systematic the analysis of the phenomenon of interest in terms of psychological and political power, the more valid is the critical research ...
In political science, power is the ability to influence or direct the actions, beliefs, or conduct of actors. [1] [2] [3] Power does not exclusively refer to the threat or use of force by one actor against another, but may also be exerted through diffuse means (such as institutions).