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#define max(A,B) ((A)>(B)?(A):(B)) int random (int cutoff, int range) {return max (cutoff, rand % range);} If the initial call to rand(), modulo range, is greater than or equal to cutoff, rand() will be called a second time for a second computation of rand()%range, which may result in a value that is actually lower than the cutoff.
Due to its limitations, C and C++ language features have been added over the years to minimize the value and need for the preprocessor. Constant. For a long time, a preprocessor macro provided the preferred way to define a constant value. An alternative has always been to define a const variable
typeof, alternately also typeOf, and TypeOf, is an operator provided by several programming languages to determine the data type of a variable.This is useful when constructing programs that must accept multiple types of data without explicitly specifying the type.
Structure dereference ("member b of object pointed to by a") a->b: Yes: Yes R * K:: operator-> (); [f] — Structure reference ("member b of object a") a.b: No: Yes — Member selected by pointer-to-member b of object pointed to by a [g] a->*b: Yes: No R & K:: operator->* (S b); R & operator->* (K a, S b); Member of object a selected by pointer ...
UCHAR_MAX, USHRT_MAX, UINT_MAX, ULONG_MAX, ULLONG_MAX(C99) – maximum possible value of unsigned integer types: unsigned char, unsigned short, unsigned int, unsigned long, unsigned long long; CHAR_MIN – minimum possible value of char; CHAR_MAX – maximum possible value of char; MB_LEN_MAX – maximum number of bytes in a multibyte character
Both the C99 and C++11 standards require at least one argument, but since C++20 this limitation has been lifted through the __VA_OPT__ functional macro. The __VA_OPT__ macro is replaced by its argument when arguments are present, and omitted otherwise. Common compilers also permit passing zero arguments before this addition, however.
X macros are an idiomatic usage of programming language macros for generating list-like structures of data or code. They are most useful when at least some of the lists cannot be composed by indexing, such as compile time.
The Boost C++ libraries include a heaps library. Unlike the STL, it supports decrease and increase operations, and supports additional types of heap: specifically, it supports d-ary, binomial, Fibonacci, pairing and skew heaps. There is a generic heap implementation for C and C++ with D-ary heap and B-heap support. It provides an STL-like API.