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The design of tension members requires careful analysis of potential failure modes, specifically yielding (excessive deformation) and fracture, which are referred to as limit states. The governing limit state is the one that results in the lowest design strength, as it dictates the member's capacity and prevents structural failure.
where the first term represents the load carried by the concrete and the second term represents the load carried by the steel. Because the yield strength of steel is an order of magnitude larger than that of concrete, a small addition of steel will greatly increase the strength of the column. [1]
Stress in a material body may be due to multiple physical causes, including external influences and internal physical processes. Some of these agents (like gravity, changes in temperature and phase , and electromagnetic fields) act on the bulk of the material, varying continuously with position and time.
This is not true since the actual area will decrease while deforming due to elastic and plastic deformation. The curve based on the original cross-section and gauge length is called the engineering stress–strain curve , while the curve based on the instantaneous cross-section area and length is called the true stress–strain curve .
Dead loads have small load factors, such as 1.2, because weight is mostly known and accounted for, such as structural members, architectural elements and finishes, large pieces of mechanical, electrical and plumbing (MEP) equipment, and for buildings, it's common to include a Super Imposed Dead Load (SIDL) of around 5 pounds per square foot ...
The increased stresses due to the combined axial-plus-flexural stresses result in a reduced load-carrying ability. Column elements are considered to be massive if their smallest side dimension is equal to or more than 400 mm. Massive columns have the ability to increase in carrying strength over long time periods (even during periods of heavy ...
However, structures loaded in compression are subject to additional failure modes, such as buckling, that are dependent on the member's geometry. Tensile stress is the stress state caused by an applied load that tends to elongate the material along the axis of the applied load, in other words, the stress caused by pulling the material. The ...
A column under a concentric axial load exhibiting the characteristic deformation of buckling The eccentricity of the axial force results in a bending moment acting on the beam element. The ratio of the effective length of a column to the least radius of gyration of its cross section is called the slenderness ratio (sometimes expressed with the ...