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Schematic of the Birkeland or Field-Aligned Currents and the ionospheric current systems they connect to, Pedersen and Hall currents. [1]A Birkeland current (also known as field-aligned current, FAC) is a set of electrical currents that flow along geomagnetic field lines connecting the Earth's magnetosphere to the Earth's high latitude ionosphere.
[27] [26] Full-disk images are composed of 26 image strips, making it more efficient than the preceding GOES imager, which was made with 1,300 image strips. [31] The instrument also images a 5,000 km × 3,000 km (3,100 mi × 1,900 mi) area centered on the continental United States every five minutes at a resolution of 0.5–2 km (0.31–1.24 mi).
Optical image of four tungsten transition-edge sensors for near-infrared single-photon detection. Image credit: NIST. A transition-edge sensor (TES) is a type of cryogenic energy sensor or cryogenic particle detector that exploits the strongly temperature-dependent resistance of the superconducting phase transition.
Researchers have developed global models using MHD to simulate phenomena within Earth's magnetosphere, such as the location of Earth's magnetopause [24] (the boundary between the Earth's magnetic field and the solar wind), the formation of the ring current, auroral electrojets, [25] and geomagnetically induced currents.
Fiber optic current sensor, using an interferometer to measure the phase change in the light produced by a magnetic field. Rogowski coil, electrical device for measuring alternating current (AC) or high speed current pulses. Giant Magnetoresistance(GMR): Magnetic field sensor suitable for AC & DC Current with higher accuracy than Hall Effect ...
A MEMS magnetic field sensor is a small-scale microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) device for detecting and measuring magnetic fields (magnetometer). Many of these operate by detecting effects of the Lorentz force : a change in voltage or resonant frequency may be measured electronically, or a mechanical displacement may be measured optically.
The SQUID sensor is sensitive enough that it can detect a wire even if it is carrying only 10 nA of current at a distance of 100 μm from the SQUID sensor with 1 second averaging. The microscope uses a patented design to allow the sample under investigation to be at room temperature and in air while the SQUID sensor is under vacuum and cooled ...
In medical applications, liquid crystal thermometers may be used to read body temperature by placing them against the forehead. These are safer than a mercury-in-glass thermometer [ citation needed ] , and may be advantageous in some patients, but do not always give an exact result, except for the analytic liquid crystal thermometer which shows ...
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