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A number of Wikipedia articles contain pro and con lists: lists of arguments for and against some particular contention or position.These take several forms, including lists of advantages and disadvantages of a technology; pros and cons of a proposal which may be technical Wi-Fi or otherwise; and lists of criticisms and defenses of a political position or other view (such as socialism or ...
Essentially contested concepts involve widespread agreement on a concept (e.g., "fairness"), but not on the best realization thereof. [6] They are "concepts the proper use of which inevitably involves endless disputes about their proper uses on the part of their users", [7] and these disputes "cannot be settled by appeal to empirical evidence ...
Early computing. The PLATO system was launched in 1960 at the University of Illinois and subsequently commercially marketed by Control Data Corporation.It offered early forms of social media features with innovations such as Notes, PLATO's message-forum application; TERM-talk, its instant-messaging feature; Talkomatic, perhaps the first online chat room; News Report, a crowdsourced online ...
Tournament theory is an efficient way of labour compensation when quantifying output is difficult or expensive, but ranking workers is easy. It is also effective as it provides goals for workers and incentivises hard work so that they may one day attain one of the coveted positions at the top.
Lincoln–Douglas debate format. Lincoln–Douglas debate (commonly abbreviated as LD Debate, or simply LD) is a type of one-on-one competitive debate practiced mainly in the United States at the high school level. It is sometimes also called values debate because the format traditionally places a heavy emphasis on logic, ethical values, and ...
There are many versions of MMP in use. Some use only a single vote; in some, voters cast two votes, one for a local candidate and one for a party. Some allocate compensatory seats to best losers; others allocate according to party lists. Some use levelling seats to compensate for potential overhang seats; others don't. Most impose an electoral ...
STV ballot papers from the 2011 Irish general election. The single transferable vote (STV), sometimes mistakenly conflated with proportional ranked choice voting (P-RCV), is a multi-winner electoral system in which each voter casts a single vote in the form of a ranked-choice ballot. Voters have the option to rank candidates, and their vote may ...
Other perspectives are policy oriented: they elaborate theoretical frameworks and instruments to criticize the existing norms and to make suggestions on how to improve them. Some of these approaches are based on domestic legal theory, some are interdisciplinary, and others have been developed expressly to analyse international law. Classical ...