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In economics, a government-granted monopoly (also called a "de jure monopoly" or "regulated monopoly") is a form of coercive monopoly by which a government grants exclusive privilege to a private individual or firm to be the sole provider of a good or service; potential competitors are excluded from the market by law, regulation, or other mechanisms of government enforcement.
Dumping, also known as predatory pricing, is a commercial strategy for which a company sells a product at an aggressively low price in a competitive market at a loss.A company with large market share and the ability to temporarily sacrifice selling a product or service at below average cost can drive competitors out of the market, [1] after which the company would be free to raise prices for a ...
Section 1 of the Sherman Act declared illegal "every contract, in the form of trust or otherwise, or conspiracy, in restraint of trade or commerce among the several States, or with foreign nations." Section 2 prohibits monopolies, or attempts and conspiracies to monopolize. Following the enactment in 1890 US court applies these principles to ...
Sherman Act 1890 §1, covers making purchase of goods conditional on purchase of other goods, if there is sufficient market power; International Business Machines Corp. v. United States, 298 U.S. 131 (1936) requiring a leased machine to be operated only with supplies from IBM was contrary to Clayton Act §3.
The government may also reserve the venture for itself, thus forming a government monopoly, for example with a state-owned company. [citation needed] Monopolies may be naturally occurring due to limited competition because the industry is resource intensive and requires substantial costs to operate (e.g., certain railroad systems). [3]
Section 1 delineates and prohibits specific means of anticompetitive conduct, while Section 2 deals with end results that are anti-competitive in nature. Thus, these sections supplement each other in an effort to prevent businesses from violating the spirit of the Act, while technically remaining within the letter of the law.
Tying (informally, product tying) is the practice of selling one product or service as a mandatory addition to the purchase of a different product or service.In legal terms, a tying sale makes the sale of one good (the tying good) to the de facto customer (or de jure customer) conditional on the purchase of a second distinctive good (the tied good).
Price fixing is an anticompetitive agreement between participants on the same side in a market to buy or sell a product, service, or commodity only at a fixed price, or maintain the market conditions such that the price is maintained at a given level by controlling supply and demand.