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Topographic survey information is historically based upon the notes of surveyors. They may derive naming and cultural information from other local sources (for example, boundary delineation may be derived from local cadastral mapping).
A topographic survey is typically based upon a systematic observation and published as a map series, made up of two or more map sheets that combine to form the whole map. A topographic map series uses a common specification that includes the range of cartographic symbols employed, as well as a standard geodetic framework that defines the map ...
Mairie de Loevenich (), from the Topographic Survey of the Rhineland by Tranchot/Müffling, sheet 57 (published 1806/07).. A map series is a group of topographic or thematic charts or maps usually having the same scale and cartographic specifications, and with each sheet appropriately identified by its publisher as belonging to the same series.
Survey markers, also called survey marks, survey monuments, or geodetic marks, are objects placed to mark key survey points on the Earth's surface. They are used in geodetic and land surveying . A benchmark is a type of survey marker that indicates elevation ( vertical position ).
Natural Resources Canada – Surveying Archived 29 October 2010 at the Wayback Machine Good overview of surveying with references to construction surveys, cadastral surveys, photogrammetry surveys, mining surveys, hydrographic surveys, route surveys, control surveys and topographic surveys
The United States Geological Survey Library (USGS Library) is a program within the United States Geological Survey (USGS), a scientific bureau within the Department of Interior of the United States government. The USGS operates as a fact-finding research organization with limited regulatory responsibility.
Being non-numeric, they are less useful to a scientific survey than contours, but can successfully communicate quite specific shapes of terrain. [2] They are especially effective at showing relatively low relief, such as rolling hills. It was a standard on topographic maps of Germany well into the 20th Century.
According to the US Geological Survey, there are 5 steps to manual watershed delineation: [6] Find the point of interest along a stream on the map. This is the "watershed outlet" or "pour point." Imagine or draw surface water flow lines that point downhill perpendicular to the topographic contours (this is the steepest direction).