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Seawater has a salinity of roughly 35,000 ppm, equivalent to 35 grams of salt per one liter (or kilogram) of water. The saturation level is only nominally dependent on the temperature of the water. [1] At 20 °C (68 °F) one liter of water can dissolve about 357 grams of salt, a concentration of 26.3 percent by weight (% w/w). At 100 °C (212 ...
However, the salt content of oceans lowers the freezing point by about 1.9 °C [41] (due to freezing-point depression of a solvent containing a solute) and lowers the temperature of the density maximum of water to the former freezing point at 0 °C.
The saturated vapor pressure over water in the temperature range of −100 °C to −50 °C is only extrapolated [Translator's note: Supercooled liquid water is not known to exist below −42 °C]. The values have various units (Pa, hPa or bar), which must be considered when reading them.
The average density at the surface is 1.025 kg/L. Seawater is denser than both fresh water and pure water (density 1.0 kg/L at 4 °C (39 °F)) because the dissolved salts increase the mass by a larger proportion than the volume. The freezing point of seawater decreases as salt concentration increases.
Salinity is an important factor in determining many aspects of the chemistry of natural waters and of biological processes within it, and is a thermodynamic state variable that, along with temperature and pressure, governs physical characteristics like the density and heat capacity of the water.
Log 10 of ethanol vapor pressure vs. temperature. ... Density relative to 4 °C water ... Density at 25 °C relative to 25 °C water Freezing temperature, °C 10 °C ...
Anything dissolved in water can have the same effect of lowering the freezing temperature, but salt is used, Ferguson says, because when one unit of salt dissolves, it yields two to three ...
The density of the water below the newly-formed ice increases due to brine rejection. Saltier water can also become colder without freezing. The dense water that forms in the Arctic are called North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW), while the Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) forms in the southern hemisphere.