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In aeronautics, the rate of climb (RoC) is an aircraft's vertical speed, that is the positive or negative rate of altitude change with respect to time. [1] In most ICAO member countries, even in otherwise metric countries, this is usually expressed in feet per minute (ft/min); elsewhere, it is commonly expressed in metres per second (m/s).
A diagram showing the velocity vectors for times and + during the vertical climb phase. The launch vehicle's new velocity is the vector sum of its old velocity, the acceleration from thrust, and the acceleration of gravity.
The highest design speed for a road or segment is the design speed of its least favorable part. For example, given a road segment with a 60 miles per hour (97 km/h) design speed except for a curve with a 45 miles per hour (72 km/h) design speed, the entire segment would have a 45 miles per hour (72 km/h) design speed.
The yaw rate is directly related to the lateral acceleration of the vehicle turning at constant speed around a constant radius, by the relationship tangential speed*yaw velocity = lateral acceleration = tangential speed^2/radius of turn, in appropriate units. The sign convention can be established by rigorous attention to coordinate systems.
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Land speed records by surface Category Speed (km/h) Speed (mph) Vehicle Operator Date Certifier Refs On ice: 335.7: 208.6: Audi RS 6: Janne Laitinen 9 Mar 2013 FIA [19] On the Moon: 18.0: 11.2: Apollo 17 Lunar Roving Vehicle (LRV‑003) Eugene Cernan: 11 Dec 1972 (unofficial) [20] On Mars: 0.18: 0.11: Mars Exploration Rovers Spirit and Opportunity
The force in the spring is (roughly) the vertical force at the contact patch divided by the motion ratio, and the spring rate is the wheel rate divided by the motion ratio squared. I R = S p r i n g D i s p l a c e m e n t W h e e l D i s p l a c e m e n t . {\displaystyle IR={\frac {SpringDisplacement}{WheelDisplacement}}.}
This becomes very useful for estimating or correcting vertical speed settings and flight path angles (FPA) during climb, descent, or approaches. If a gradient in % is required, the numbers work out with the same rule: 1% over 1 NM ≈ 60'