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Historically speaking, the alliance and the open status group, whether war band or religious sect, dominated medieval and early modern Indian history in a way descent and caste did not." [130] Adi Purana, an 8th-century text of Jainism by Jinasena, is the first mention of varna and jati in Jain literature. [131]
Practically, it is an institution that portends tremendous consequences. It is a local problem, but one capable of much wider mischief, for "as long as caste in India does exist, Hindus will hardly intermarry or have any social intercourse with outsiders; and if Hindus migrate to other regions on earth, Indian caste would become a world problem ...
Its roots lie in South Asia's ancient history and it still exists; [1] [5] however, the economic significance of the caste system in India has been declining as a result of urbanisation and affirmative action programs. A subject of much scholarship by sociologists and anthropologists, the Hindu caste system is sometimes used as an analogical ...
Archived from the original (PDF) on December 27, 2020. Robert W. Stern (2003). Changing India: Bourgeois Revolution on the Subcontinent. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-00912-6. Ahmed Usman (2011). Social Stratification in a Punjabi Village of Pakistan: The Dynamics between Caste, Gender, and Violence (PDF) (PhD). The University of ...
[8] Untouchability has been outlawed in India, Nepal and Pakistan. However, "untouchability" has not been legally defined. [citation needed] The origin of untouchability and its historicity are still debated. A 2020 study of a sample of households in India concludes that "Notwithstanding the likelihood of under-reporting of the practice of ...
The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes comprise about 16.6% and 8.6%, respectively, of India's population (according to the 2011 census). [ 11 ] [ 12 ] The Constitution (Scheduled Castes) Order, 1950 lists 1,108 castes across 28 states in its First Schedule, [ 13 ] and the Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order, 1950 lists 744 tribes across ...
The British institutionalised caste into the workings of the major government institutions within India. The main benefactors of this indirect rule were the upper castes or forward castes, which maintained their hegemony and monopoly of control and influence over government institutes long after independence from the British.
Among Hassaniya Arabic speakers in southern Morocco and Mauritania, states Sean Hanretta – a professor of African History, the term Bidan is a "caste synecdoche" that refers to Hassani (warrior) and Zwaya (clerical) clans. In the slave castes, they recognized two layers, the `Abid (slaves) and Haratins (freed slaves). [60]