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In her writing on feminist film theory, Mulvey has argued that, if the dominant cinema produces pleasure through scopophilia which favours the male gaze and festishization of woman as object, then alternative versions of cinema need to construct different forms of pleasure based on psychic relations that adopt a feminist perspective. [4]
Mulvey suggests two distinct modes of the male gaze of this era: "voyeuristic" (i.e., seeing woman as image "to be looked at") and "fetishistic" (i.e., seeing woman as a substitute for "the lack", the underlying psychoanalytic fear of castration). To account for the fascination of Hollywood cinema, Mulvey employs the concept of scopophilia.
In Laura Mulvey's 1975 essay "Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema", [12] [16] [17] she presents, explains, and develops the cinematic concept of the male gaze. Mulvey proposes that sexual inequality — the asymmetry of social and political power between men and women — is a controlling social force in the cinematic representations of
In the early 1970s, Christian Metz and Laura Mulvey separately explored aspects of the "gaze" in the cinema, Metz stressing the viewer's identification with the camera's vision, [8] - an identification largely "constructed" by the film itself [9] - and Mulvey the fetishistic aspects of (especially) the male viewer's regard for the onscreen female body.
The series has had a lasting influence, and in particular introduced the concept of the male gaze, as part of Berger's analysis of the treatment of the nude in European painting. It soon became popular among feminists , including the British film critic Laura Mulvey , who used it to critique traditional media representations of the female ...
The term "female gaze" was created as a response to the proposed concept of the male gaze as coined by Laura Mulvey. In particular, it is a rebellion against the viewership censored to an only masculine lens and feminine desire regardless of the viewer's gender identity or sexual orientation. [13] In essence, the forced desire of femininity ...
[154] Laura Mulvey's essay "Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema" (1975), expands on the concept of the passive role of women in cinema to argue that film provides visual pleasure through scopophilia and identification with the on-screen male actor. Mulvey states, "In their traditional exhibitionist role women are simultaneously looked at and ...
[21] [22] Yet voyeurism and the male gaze are psychological practices basic to the spectators' emotional experience of viewing mainstream, commercial cinema; [23] notably, the male gaze is fully presented, described, and explained, and contrasted with the female gaze, in the essay "Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema" (1975), by Laura Mulvey. [24]